#include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; typedef long long ll; ll func (int x){ ll mul = 1; for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++){ mul *= 2; } return mul; } int main (){ ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(0); int n; while (cin >> n){ if (n == 0) return 0; cout << (func(n - 1) + 1) % n << endl; } return 0; }